[134][better source needed], Cairo's population, partly owing to the numerous plague epidemics, was in the early 18th century half of what it was in 1347. Lepers, and others with skin diseases such as acne or psoriasis, were killed throughout Europe. Marseille suffered from epidemics of the European Black Death in 1348 (recurring intermittently until 1361), in 1580 and 1582, and in 1649–1650. And so many died that all believed it was the end of the world. All About History It blamed the heavens, in the form of a conjunction of three planets in 1345 that caused a "great pestilence in the air" (miasma theory). 'Master Raymond'), observed the decreasing mortality rate of successive outbreaks of plague in 1347–48, 1362, 1371, and 1382 in his 1382 treatise On Epidemics (De epidemica). [27][25] Seneca the Younger may have been the first to describe an epidemic as 'black death', (Latin: mors atra) but only in reference to the acute lethality and dark prognosis of disease. [59] Estimates of plague victims are usually extrapolated from figures for the clergy. The outbreaks have been shown to occur roughly 15 years after a warmer and wetter period in areas where plague is endemic in other species, such as. [137][138], The plague repeatedly returned to haunt Europe and the Mediterranean throughout the 14th to 17th centuries. [32][c] In 1908, Gasquet claimed that use of the name atra mors for the 14th-century epidemic first appeared in a 1631 book on Danish history by J. I. Pontanus: "Commonly and from its effects, they called it the black death" (Vulgo & ab effectu atram mortem vocitabant). [56], DNA taken from 25 skeletons from 14th century London have shown plague is a strain of Y. pestis almost identical to that which hit Madagascar in 2013.[57][58]. And they died by the hundreds both day and night ... And as soon as those ditches were filled more were dug ... And I, Agnolo di Tura ... buried my five children with my own hands. [117] The Black Death killed about 40% of Egypt's population. From there, it was most likely carried by fleas living on the black rats that travelled on Genoese merchant ships, spreading throughout the Mediterranean Basin and reaching Africa, Western Asia, and the rest of Europe via Constantinople, Sicily, and the Italian Peninsula.

Called the Great Mortality as it caused its devastation, this second great pandemic of Bubonic Plague became known as the Black Death in the … Italian chronicler Agnolo di Tura recorded his experience from Siena, where plague arrived in May 1348: Father abandoned child, wife husband, one brother another; for this illness seemed to strike through the breath and sight. reported[53] in Nature the first draft genome of Y. pestis from plague victims from the same East Smithfield cemetery and indicated that the strain that caused the Black Death is ancestral to most modern strains of Y. The plague of Marseilles, France, in 1720-1721 is considered to be the last major plague outbreak in Western Europe. "[67], The importance of hygiene was recognised only in the nineteenth century with the development of the germ theory of disease; until then streets were commonly filthy, with live animals of all sorts around and human parasites abounding, facilitating the spread of transmissible disease. See discussion in Philip Slavin, "Death by the Lake: Mortality Crisis in Early Fourteenth-Century Central Asia", sfn error: no target: CITEREFWelfordBoddak2010 (, it took until 1500 for the European population to regain the levels of 1300, Jewish persecutions during the Black Death, "Black death 'discriminated' between victims (ABC News in Science)", "Economic life after Covid-19: Lessons from the Black Death", "The History of Plague – Part 1.
If the ship passed that first test and there were no signs of disease, but the ship's itinerary included a city with documented plague activity, the ship was sent to the second tier of quarantine, at islands outside of Marseille harbour.
The newly established sanitation board made a series of recommendations to maintain the health of the city. [19] There were further outbreaks throughout the Late Middle Ages, and with other contributing factors[b] it took until 1500 for the European population to regain the levels of 1300. As the disease progresses, sputum becomes free-flowing and bright red. The data is sufficiently widespread and numerous to make it likely that the Black Death swept away around 60% of Europe's population. [106], There are no exact figures for the death toll; the rate varied widely by locality. The Black Death most likely originated in Central Asia or East Asia,[11][12][13][14][15] from where it travelled along the Silk Road, reaching Crimea by 1347. [73] Epidemics killed an estimated 25 million across Asia during the fifteen years before the Black Death reached Constantinople in 1347. Why has our normal body temperature been dropping? This great outburst of plague was the last recurrence of a pandemic of bubonic plague, following the devastating episodes which began in the early fourteenth century; the first known instance of bubonic plague in Marseille was the arrival of the Black Death in the autumn of 1347. [21][22][23] Subsequent to the pandemic "the furste moreyn" (first murrain) or "first pestilence" was applied, to distinguish the mid-14th century phenomenon from other infectious diseases and epidemics of plague. There is a fair amount of geographic variation. [60][61], Walløe complains that all of these authors "take it for granted that Simond's infection model, black rat → rat flea → human, which was developed to explain the spread of plague in India, is the only way an epidemic of Yersinia pestis infection could spread", whilst pointing to several other possibilities. [129], One theory that has been advanced is that the devastation in Florence caused by the Black Death, which hit Europe between 1348 and 1350, resulted in a shift in the world view of people in 14th-century Italy and led to the Renaissance. The Black Death was the beginning of the second plague pandemic. [152], Yersinia pestis is also responsible for an epidemic that began in southern China in 1865, eventually spreading to India.

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