There are a wide range of intentional sampling techniques that you can use (see Patton, 1990, 2002; Kuzel, 1999, for a complete list). The aim is to sample for heterogeneity. 2). Sampling. Key informant-a specific person that you believe will give you the most information-sometimes used to develop interview questions or to begin snowball sampling. Patton (2002) stated, "there are three basic approaches For example, if you provide outdoor EE to schools of varying socio-economic status, you might try to collect data from schools at each socio-economic level. 1998; Olsen et al. Consequently, maximum variation sampling was utilised when selecting participant organisations from the category of social enterprises from which the people were drawn. Google Scholar 18. The goal is to include participants in the sample who are expected to be very different in terms of the research purpose. rnein Trkiye'de renim gren yabanc uyruklu renciler ile allacak ise tm lkelerden gelen rencilerden eit sayda alnmaldr. Maximum variation sampling is suitable when sampling smaller samples from heterogenous groups, in order to ensure that the variation from the larger group is kept in the smaller sample, i.e. J Prev Med. As a specific case of maximum variation sampling (Patton 1990), modern biological surveys of large areas increasingly use environmentally stratified sampling de-signs (Goedickemeier et al. Abstract. variation sampling). Purposeful sampling is a technique widely used in qualitative research for the identification and selection of information-rich cases for the most effective use of limited resources (Patton 2002).This involves identifying and selecting individuals or groups of individuals that are especially knowledgeable about or experienced with a phenomenon of interest (Cresswell and Plano Clark 2011). According to Patton,12 maximum variation sampling is where the researcher attempts to study a phenomenon by seeking out settings or persons that represent the greatest differences in that phenomenon. With these different types of sampling, the author shows the challenging . To explore the consequence of variation on the key dimension, we used maximum variation sampling to include studies that varied on the above cited dimension (i.e. (Patton, 2002, Qualitative . This type of sampling can be very useful in situations when you need to reach a targeted sample quickly, and where . 1997; Gimaret-Carpentier et al. Maximum Variation - Purposefully picking a wide range of . The aim is to sample for heterogeneity. "Theory-based or Theoretical Sampling Definition: . to warrant that information-rich cases are included in the study sample (Patton, 1990). Mesh bloc. Vitcu A, Lungu E, Vitcu L, Marcu A. Multi-stage maximum variation sampling in health promotion programs' evaluation.
Patton (1990) illustrates different strategies for purposefully selecting information-rich cases such as: intensity sampling; maximum variation sampling; homogeneous samples; purposeful random sampling; sampling politically important cases, and convenience sampling. It is well known that a genetic algorithm performs very well for large search spaces and is easily scalable to the size of the data set. Glaser and Strauss (1967) describe an iterative sampling process that is based on emerging theoretical concepts. Heterogeneous or maximum variation sampling Heterogeneous or maximum variation sampling enables you to collect data to explain and describe the key themes that can be observed. This strategy might initially seek to include both typical cases and those that show some variations, it would then continue to see different cases until it's . Total Population Sampling. Analysis and Classification of Mammography Reports Using Maximum Variation Sampling RM Patton, BG Beckerman, TE Potok Genetic and Evolutionary Computation: Medical Applications, 112-131 , 2010 of purposeful sampling: "maximum variation", "typical case", "critical case" and "extreme or deviant case" (Patton, 1989, pg 100-107). Patton (1990: 172), observes that maximum variation sampling is a strategy for purposeful sampling aimed "at capturing and describing central themes or principal Maximum variation sampling, also known as heterogeneous sampling, is a purposive sampling technique used to capture a wide range of perspectives relating to the thing that you are interested in studying; that is, maximum variation sampling is a search for variation in perspectives, ranging from those conditions that are view to be typical through to those that are . 2 Overview figure of the purposeful sampling guidance The maximum variation sampling strategy turns that apparent weakness into a strength by applying the following logic: Any common patterns that emerge from great variation are of particular interest and value in capturing the core experiences and central, shared aspects or impacts of a program ( Patton, 1990, p. 172 ).
Google Scholar 19. 2001) or different kinds of adaptive sampling strategies (Thomp- This methodological approach was considered appropriate in order to . Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Maximum variation sampling This strategy involves cases representing variations on specified aspects of a phenomenon of interest e.g. In a research synthesis, this factor may be contextual, methodological, or conceptual. This represents less than the full maximum variation sample, but more than simple typical case sampling. Google Scholar Digital Library; M. Porter, "An algorithm for suffix stripping." Program vol. selection process. A type of purposive sampling in which respondents are chosen to be as different as possible from one another. Maximum variation sampling, also referred to as heterogeneous sampling. MAXIMUM VARIATION SAMPLING Purposefully picking a wide range of variation on dimensions of interest to obtain information about the significance of various circumstances (e.g. Maximum Variation sampling Also called a maximum diversity sampling. The gap in . This particular sampling method seeks to identify a particular sample of data that will represent the diverse data points in a data set. of the 8th annual conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Seattle, Washington, USA: ACM Press, 2006. the most consistent with our research purpose: intensity sampling, maximum variation sampling and confirming/ disconfirming case sampling. Maximum Variation Sampling. sentativeness or comparability: typical case sampling, extreme or deviant case sampling, intensity sampling, maximum variation sampling, homogeneous sampling, and reputa-tional sampling. Sampling approaches. Comparisons Answer (1 of 7): sampling the selection or making of a sample. Sampling in Qualitative Research: Insights from an Overview of the Methods Literature Stephen J. Gentles, Cathy Charles, Jenny Ploeg, and K. Ann McKibbon Maximum variation sampling (Patton, 1990) was used to locate participants with varied work experience, education levels, and dementia care preparation. Intensity sampling involves some prior information and considerable judgment. When sample sizes are small (less than about 30) maximum variation samples can be more representative than random samples. Purposive non-probability sampling strategies include (1) judgmental sampling, where theory or knowledge points the researcher to select specific cases: (a) maximum variation sampling, to document range or diversity; (b) extreme or deviant case sampling, where it is necessary to select cases that are unusual or special in some way; (c) typical . This sample was designed primarily for diversity in what Patton calls maximum variation sampling (Patton 2002). (a) intensity sampling, (b) maximum variation sampling, and (c) confirming/disconfirming case sampling (see Fig. Maximum variation sampling (sometimes referred to as maximum diversity sampling or maximum heterogeneity sampling) is a sampling method in which researchers attempt to collect data from the widest range of perspectives possible about a certain topic.. 2007;15:5-18. @MISC{Patton_characterizinglarge, author = {Robert M. Patton}, title = {Characterizing Large Text Corpora Using a Maximum Variation Sampling Genetic Algorithm}, year = {}} Share. Although this might appear as contradiction, as a small sample may contain cases that are completely different, Patton (2002) argues that this is in fact a strength. A researcher may have a specific group in mind, such as high level business executives.17 Types of Purposive Sampling 1. Maximum Variation/Heterogeneous Purposive Sample. How many types of purposeful sampling are there? When using a maximum variation sampling method the . Heterogeneous sampling is also called maximum variation sampling (Patton, 2002) because it involves a search for individuals with widely differing experiences and for variations in settings. Theoretical sampling was used following data collection and analysis of the initial phase of the study as patterns and themes emerged (Thorne et al., 1997; Thorne, 2016). Key informant-a specific person that you believe will give you the most information-sometimes used to develop interview questions or to begin snowball sampling. Sampling is the process of systematically selecting that which will be examined during the course of a study. Maximum variation sampling - purposefully picking a wide range of cases to get variation on dimensions of interest: Document unique or diverse variations that have emerged in adapting to different conditions. Maximum variation sampling This strategy captures common outcomes that cut across a variety of participants or programs. This tutorial is a discussion on sampling in research it is mainly designed to eqiup beginners with knowledge on the general issues on sampling that is the purpose of sampling in research, dangers of sampling and how to minimize them, types of sampling and guides for deciding the sample size. Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods. This approached selection of women of different ethnic backgrounds, living in varied geographical locations across Australia, primiparous and multiparous women, and women seeking care from a wide variety of models of care. Outcomes Fig. This is a purposeful sampling strategy. Results: The concept of purposeful sampling on the meta-level could not readily been borrowed from the logic applied in basic research projects. The pool of 58 data was used to initiate purposeful sampling -i.e. They were selected to increase the likelihood of acquiring rich data in terms of varied empirical accounts of experiences in relation to the . 14, pp. Patton (1990) has proposed the following cases of purposive sampling. Typical Case Sampling. Counselors were selected through typical case sampling, which is a form of purposeful sampling. of purposeful sampling: "maximum variation", "typical case", "critical case" and "extreme or deviant case" (Patton, 1989, pg 100-107). OpenURL . geographical variations, education etc. Thousand Oaks: Sage; 2002. 1998; Olsen et al. is really a purposive sampling technique accustomed to capture an array of perspectives concerning the factor that you are looking at studying that's, maximum variation sampling is really a look for variation in perspectives, varying from individuals conditions which are . (3) Maximum Variation sampling. The aim is to sample for heterogeneity. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice 128 Typical case was created by choosing average state schools, while maximum variation was attained three to four cases that are very different on one dimension: e.g. Guba seperti dikutip Patton (1990) dalam Poerwandari (1998:30-31) mendefinisikan, studi dalam situasi alamiah sebagai studi yang berorientasi pada penemuan (discovery oriented). As a specific case of maximum variation sampling (Patton 1990), modern biological surveys of large areas increasingly use environmentally stratified sampling de-signs (Goedickemeier et al. Stratified purposeful . Purposive sampling is intentional selection of informants based on their ability to elucidate a specific theme, concept, or phenomenon. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. While naturalistic inquiry uses purposive sampling, maximum variation sampling may be used, but equally an enquiry researcher might choose critical case sampling, or typical case sampling (Patton, 2002, pp.234-236). In order to obtain a diverse and representative sample of women maximum, variation sampling (Patton, 2015) was applied. Selection of counselors was based on attaining maximum variation of the sample, through items such as age, gender, years of experience, and ethnicity. Maximum variation sampling18 Maximum variation sampling, also known as heterogeneous sampling, is a purposive sampling technique used to capture a wide range of perspectives relating to the thing that researchers are . Patton, M. (2001). Maximum variation sampling was preferred because it allowed for documentation of the range of variation in the narratives and individuals and to determine whether common themes or patterns were present across this variation.14 . We use Miles and Huberman (1994), Patton (2001), Kuzel (1999) and Glaser and Strauss (1967) to provide brief descriptions of different sampling strategies. There are a wide range of sampling approaches. The Qualitative Report 2015 Volume 20, Number 11, Article 4, 1772-1789. Critical Case Sampling. myths and generalizations in a field Stratified purposeful sampling Sampling within samples where each stratum is fairly homogeneous To examine variations in the manifestation of a phenomenon as any key factor associated with the phenomenon is varied. 1999; Yoccoz et al. sampling with maximum variation sampling by taking a stratified purposeful sample of above average, average, and below average cases of health care expenditures for a particular problem. Sampling In Research Mugo Fridah W. INTRODUCTION . The purpose of employing maximum variation technique is to cover a diverse and wider array of . Patton M. Qualitative research and evaluation methods. goal. Each of these types of purposive sampling technique is discussed in turn: Maximum variation sampling.
Within nonprobability-based sampling, there are several categories of sampling [10], one of which is maximum variation sampling (MVS) [10]. Three of in any of the 28 implementation studies examined here, the six studies that used maximum variation sampling used another common sequential sampling strategy is using cri- a simultaneous structure with quantitative methods taking teria sampling of the larger quantitative sample to produce a priority over qualitative methods and a . This strategy for purposeful sam- Typical case sampling. Maximum variation sampling. Purposive sampling is useful when the research is orientated towards a rather clear-cut research interest. Source: Patton, 2001. Maximum Variation Sampling This is a purposeful sampling strategy. data sampling in qualitative research. Identify important common patterns that cut across variations (cut through the noise of variation) . Due to the popularity and centrality of the CCLI program, this sample is also a fairly broad 3.6 Sampling and Selecting Patton (2002) describes purposeful sampling as selecting respondents because they are "information rich" and illuminative, that is, they offer useful manifestations of the phenomenon of interest. In Patton's original texts that are referred to in this article, Patton does not make any suggestion of using purposeful sampling for research synthesis. 'In direct contrast to maximum variation sampling is the strategy of picking a small, homo- genous sample, the purpose of which is to describe some particular subgroup in depth' (Patton, 2002 . The three groups form a heterogeneous sample. maximum variation sampling technique is used to develop a broader image of the phenomenon. Purposeful Sampling. Penelitian demikian secara sengaja membiarkan . Expert Sampling. Sampling dengan variasi maksimal merupakan suatu teknik The selection is small and not random. Maximum variation sampling is similar to heterogeneous sampling except that in this approach the researchers specifically works to represent the full range of variation within the sample. Pu. ORNL; Publication Date: Tue Jan 01 00:00:00 EST 2008 Research Org. (Patton, 2001, p. 238).Theoretical sampling is an important component in the development of grounded theories.
This is a purposeful sampling strategy. This innovative book critically evaluates widely used sampling strategies, identifying key theoretical assumptions and considering how empirical and theoretical . Purposive sampling is popular in qualitative research. Extreme/Deviant Case Sampling. Although some of these purposive sampling techniques are aimed at gen-erating representative cases, most are aimed at producing contrasting cases.
In the literature, it is also known as "opportunistic", "maximum variation", "typical case", "homogenous", "theory based", "random/stratified purposeful", "deliberate" or "convenience" sampling (Iosifides . (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States) This type of sampling helps in capturing and describing central themes that cut across variation (common patterns among variations) resulting in high quality, detailed . It is not uncommon in qualitative research that the research team continues to make sampling decisions during the process of collecting and analysing data. 1999; Yoccoz et al. Much of this data is in the form of text-based documents. When using a maximum variation sampling method the researcher selects a small number of units or cases that maximize the diversity relevant to the research question. The informants were selected through a process inspired by maximum purposeful variation sampling (see Patton, 1990), to allow a broad spectrum of personal and contextual preconditions to be explored. When using a maximum variation sampling method the researcher selects a small number of units or cases that maximize the diversity relevant to the research question. This sampling method aims to identify themes or patterns that run through a range of variations (Patton, 2002 . Homogeneous sampling. CiteSeerX - Document Details (Isaac Councill, Lee Giles, Pradeep Teregowda): A genetic algorithm (GA) was developed to implement a maximum variation sampling technique to derive a subset of data from a large dataset of unstructured mammography reports. Researchers do not necessarily refer to their sampling plans with Patton's labels; his classification shows the diverse strategies qualitative researchers have adopted to meet the conceptual needs of their research: Maximum variation sampling involves deliberately selecting cases with a wide range of variation on dimensions of interest. Purposeful random: To increase the credibility of results An enormous amount of information available via the Internet exists. Start studying Types of Purposive Sampling (Patton, 1990). The maximum variation sampling strategy turns that apparent weakness into a strength by applying the following logic: Any common patterns that emerge from great variation are of particular interest and value in capturing the core experiences and central, shared aspects or impacts of a program. strategies (e.g., maximum variation sampling, extreme case sampling, intensity sampling, and purposeful random sampling) are used to identify and expand the range of Ten secondary school counselors were interviewed using a standard, open-ended format (Patton, 1990). Theoretical sampling involves finding manifestations of a theoretical construct and using : Oak Ridge National Lab. Phase two employed a maximum-variation sampling approach (Patton 2002) to capture input from visitors with various experiences on OSMP lands (e.g., previous activities, visitation frequency) and diverse demographic attributes (e.g., age, race, income, sex). Miles and Huberman 1994, Patton 2002, Strauss and Corbin 2008). largest, median and smallest size; government, aided, not-for-profit and commercial funding Find out all about it here. Maximum variation sam-pling is used to select information-rich cases to cap-ture and describe consistent themes across a broad range of participant demographics (Patton 2002). Maksimum eitlilik rneklemesi (maximum variation sampling) Evren iinde var olan tm farkl durumlar yanstacak tm rneklemler devreye sokulur. According to Patton [10], "This Often, researchers want to understand how a phenomenon is seen and understood among different people, in different settings and at different times. The researcher must do some exploratory work to determine the nature of the variation in the situation under study One can then sample intense examples of the phenomenon of interest. tion sampling (Patton 2002). These strategies may involve theoretical sampling, criterion-based sampling, maximum variation sampling, snowball sampling, and sampling contrasting cases (Palinkas et al., 2013). 130 . The goal with this type of sampling is to gain an understanding of a certain topic from a wide variety of angles. Thus, maximum variation sampling is used as a means to that end. 1997; Gimaret-Carpentier et al.
Maximum variation or heterogeneity sampling is described as a special kind of purposive sampling (List, 2004:2), which may be used to identify experts or cases (in qualitative research) to provide rich information (Patton, 2002:234). Second step: Apply a maximum variation sampling strategy to construct a preliminary line of argument. Specic se-lection criteria were used to achieve variation within . This article makes a unique contribution to the literature by examining the adaptability of each of Patton's 16 purposeful sampling strategies to the process of qualitative research synthesis. Extreme or Deviant Case - Learning from highly unusual manifestations of the phenomenon of interest, such as outstanding success/notable failures, top of the class/dropouts, exotic events, crises. scientific approach, socio-, psycho, or biological perspective). In this study, purposive sampling strategy with maximum variation sampling technique was employed to identify and describe common themes and patterns from a small number of samples with diverse participants' characteristics (Patton, 2002). Homogeneous Purposive Sample. * the selection of a group of people, events, behaviors, or other elements that are representative of the population being studied in order to derive conclusions about the entire population from a limited number of observations. R. M. Patton and T. E. Potok, Characterizing large text corpora using a maximum variation sampling genetic algorithm, in Proc. All qualitative researchers sample, yet methods of sampling and choosing cases have received relatively little attention compared to other qualitative methods. The maximum variation sampling strategy turns that apparent weakness into a strength by applying the following logic: Any common patterns that emerge from great variation are of particular interest and value in capturing the core experiences and central, shared aspects or impacts of a program. A maximum variation sample documents diverse variations and identifies important common patterns by representing diverse cases to develop fully . .
Purposive Sampling Types. In the study, the typical case and maximum variation (Patton, 1987) sampling methods, from the group of purposive sampling methods, were used together. We explain the different objectives of these types of intentional sampling technique in the next section. Maximum Variation Sampling. There is a wide range of sampling approaches (e.g. Types of purposeful sampling include extreme case sampling, maximum variation sampling, homogeneous sampling, critical case sampling, snowball sampling, and criterion sampling. Definition. 7. Three of in any of the 28 implementation studies examined here, the six studies that used maximum variation sampling used another common sequential sampling strategy is using cri- a simultaneous structure with quantitative methods taking teria sampling of the larger quantitative sample to produce a priority over qualitative methods and a . The selection may or may not be representative of the larger population. 2001) or different kinds of adaptive sampling strategies (Thomp- Why use this strategy?
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