Columns of smoke rise from Mount Ontake, a volcano in central Japan, in the late afternoon of 27 September 2014. Kagaku 84:1218–1225 (in Japanese), Oikawa T, Yamaoka K, Yoshimoto M, Nakada S, Takeshita Y, Maeno F, Ishizuka Y, Komiri J, Shimano T, Nakano S (2015) The 2014 eruption of Ontake volcano, central Japan. The removal of a large amount of the vapor phase from a hydrothermal reservoir in which the water–vapor system is in equilibrium can cause rapid boiling (bumping) of water due to a decrease in the boiling temperature via sudden decompression of the system (Taniguchi and Ueki 2014). Global Multi‐Resolution Topography synthesis, The Visual Complexity of Coronal Mass Ejections Follows the Solar Cycle, The First Undeniable Climate Change Deaths, Severe Cyclones May Have Played a Role in the Maya Collapse, How Scientists Can Engage to Solve the Climate Crisis, Global North Is Responsible for 92% of Excess Emissions. The conclusions of the study can be summarized as follows: The vents involved in the eruption on the southwestern side of the summit are arranged along a west-northwest to east-southeast axis, which is sub-parallel to the axis of the vents involved in the 1979 eruption. Earth, Planets and Space Ontake volcano eruption victims to sue state, Nagano Pref", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2014_Mount_Ontake_eruption&oldid=976914572, Articles containing Japanese-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, 63 dead (inclusive of five un-recovered bodies), This page was last edited on 5 September 2020, at 20:43.

Cookies policy. Sadly 48 hikers died and 69 were reported injured from gas inhilation and impact with rock and ash bound together in pyroclastic flows. 6. We referred to these as “pyroclastic flows.”.

2015), the average upward speed of the eruption plume was estimated to be 400–500 m/min. Kengamine is the summit of Mount Ontake (3067 m ASL). Mt Ontake is the second highest volcano in Japan at 3,067 m and the spread range of spewing a deadly blanket of ash, rocks and steam has at … Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

In this study, the researchers scrutinized a change in tilt observed at two stations beginning about 7 minutes prior to the event. They argued that the warning level should have been raised prior to the eruption. The volcano erupted on … Zone A: N ≥ 10 impact craters per 5 × 5 m, Zone B: 9 ≥ N ≥ 3, Zone C: 2 ≥ N > 0, Zone D: N = 0. The mudflow appeared to have effused between 16:02 and 16:44. PubMed Google Scholar. Hundreds of people were stranded for hours on the 3,067-metre mountain following the eruption, as ash poured over three kilometres down Mt.Ontake. SN helped draft the manuscript. In this calculation, the following conditions were used: block shape, sphere; density, 2500 kg/m3; diameter, 0.2 m; speed of tailwind, 0 m/s; extent of zone of reduced drag, 0 m; temperature at sea level, 25 °C; and thermal lapse rate, 6.5 °C/km. Distribution of impact craters generated by ballistic ejecta. Springer Nature. The volcano erupted shortly before noon … Three large, adjacent vents (J3–J5) that appeared to be connected were located on the floor of the Jigokudani valley. © 2020 Guardian News & Media Limited or its affiliated companies. 2014). The team then used this information to develop analytical models to characterize the events leading up to the disaster. A Japanese army official who took part in the search said rescuers had worn helmets, bullet-proof vests, goggles and masks to protect themselves from any fresh eruption. 5f). The distribution density was classified into four zones, based on the number of craters per unit area (5 × 5 m); these zones were called Zones A, B, C, and D, with Zone A having the highest density of impact craters and Zone D having no impact craters. Geographical investigations around the house, garden, local area and school grounds, Conducting statistical tests for fieldwork, Progression and expectations in geography, Connecting classrooms through global learning, Assessment and examinations Special Interest Group, Fieldwork and outdoor learning Special Interest Group, Independent schools Special Interest Group, Physical Geography Special Interest Group, Sustainability and citizenship Special Interest Group, Physical geography student photo competition, GA Rex Walford Geography student teacher award, An exercise using geographical and empathetic language, Map and GIS work about Japan’s vulnerability, A literacy based exercise; writing for an audience about Japan’s preparedness, Cartoon interpretation about Japan’s Natural Hazard Profile, Early Warning of Volcanic Eruption in Japan, LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS JAPAN PART 3: VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS. Ontakesan eruption hits 47, worst in postwar period", "3 more bodies found on Mt. Assuming that the ejection angles were random, this estimate is considered to reflect the maximum initial ejecta velocity. The eruption plume, which resembled cumulonimbus clouds, finally reached a height of approximately 11 km above sea level (ASL; Sato et al. @katerav Wed 1 Oct 2014 16.30 EDT First published on Wed 1 Oct 2014 … Cite this article. Composite and shield volcanoes are found along plate margins. Mt. In the photograph taken at 14:13 on September 27 (Figs. In video footage taken immediately after the eruption (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ODiqlpUwcVM), the top 1–2 cm of the few tens-of-centimeters of ash that was deposited near the summit appeared wet and semisolid, looking dark in color. On September 10 and 11, 2014, the frequency of tremors under the volcano increased before subsiding again on September 12 (Japan Metrological Agency (JMA) 2014). 7, Zone C ➈). 9a). The pyroclastic flow moved away from the vent in a southwesterly direction along the Jigokudani valley for approximately 2.5 km, as this area was lower than the surrounding areas (Fig. Sadly 48 hikers died and 69 were reported injured from gas inhilation and impact with rock and ash bound together in pyroclastic flows.

9a was 3200 m, then this photograph is considered to have been taken about 1 min after the beginning of the eruption.

2b, 3a), the J4 vent appeared as it was on September 28 (Figs. Bull Volcano Soc Jpn 60:411–415 (in Japanese), Sato E et al (2015) Eruption of Ontake 2014 as observed from meteorological radar. 7, Zone A ➀–➂).

Compared to some magmatic eruptions, the maximum initial velocity and the maximum distance estimates associated with this eruption are relatively small. In 1991, 43 people died in a pyroclastic flow, a superheated current of gas and rock, at Mount Unzen in the southwest. The topographic base map was produced using a GSI map issued by the Geospatial Information Authority of Japan, Appearance of impact craters in each zone. 3e, f), probably due to erosion caused by repeated mudflows from the vent. Read about our approach to external linking. The occurrence of rapid boiling and the accompanying explosions may have gradually propagated to the deeper parts of the hydrothermal system, resulting in the intermittent generation of ballistic ejecta during the explosive phase of the eruption, which continued for approximately 1 h. We clarified the eruptive processes and mechanisms associated with the 2014 Mount Ontake eruption using aerial photographs taken the day after the eruption as well as other information. Thus, these two vents are considered to have formed between 14:13 and 16:02 on September 27. 57 hikers died and another 69 were injured as a result of the pyroclastic flows.

http://www.bousai.go.jp/kazan/shiryo/pdf/201512_hinan_tebiki4.pdf. Kaneko, T., Maeno, F. & Nakada, S. 2014 Mount Ontake eruption: characteristics of the phreatic eruption as inferred from aerial observations. http://www.data.jma.go.jp/svd/vois/data/tokyo/STOCK/monthly_v-act_doc/tokyo/14m09/312_14m09.pdf. The eruption plume increased in size shortly after the eruption and reached a height of several hundred meters above the summit (Kengamine; Fig. Initial velocity estimates for ballistic ejecta were made based on their distribution. On Japan's Mt. [29], "Helium anomaly preceded Mount Ontake eruption", "Japan volcano: 31 hikers feared dead after sudden eruption of Mount Ontake", "31 Feared Dead in Japan Volcano Eruption", "Rescuers find 30 dead of 'cardiac arrest' near summit of volcano", "Japanese troops head for volcano after eruption to search for missing climbers", "Japan volcano Mount Ontake erupts, injuring at least 40", "Japanese volcano kills one, over 30 seriously injured", "Rescuers find more than 30 hikers in 'cardiac arrest' on Japan's Mt Ontake after sudden volcanic eruption", "Five more bodies found on Japan's Mount Ontake after eruption", "Fears of escalating volcanic activity on Mt.

Although no examples of pyroclastic flow typical of magmatic eruptions were observed, flows comprising a mixture of ash and gas moved down the slope by gravity (Yamamoto 2014). Schematic illustrations showing the estimation of velocity and flight duration of ballistic ejecta based on the ballistic calculator software, “Eject!” (Mastin 2008).

Ontake produced a hydrothermal (steam-type) eruption with a volcanic explosivity index (VEI) value of 2 (ref. b Estimation of initial and final velocities and minimum and maximum flight durations of ballistic ejecta that traveled to Kengamine, where many people were killed on impact.

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